Evangelista Torricelli and the History of the Barometer

Barometer - Pronunciation: [b u rom ´ u t u r] - a barometer is an instrument for measuring atmospheric pressure. Two common types are the aneroid barometer and the mercurial barometer (invented first). Evangelista Torricelli invented the first barometer, known as the Torricellis tube. Biography - Evangelista Torricelli Evangelista Torricelli was born October 15, 1608, in Faenza, Italy and died October 22, 1647, in Florence, Italy. He was a physicist and mathematician. In 1641, Evangelista Torricelli moved to Florence to assist the astronomer Galileo. The Barometer It was Galileo that suggested Evangelista Torricelli use mercury in his vacuum experiments. Torricelli filled a four-foot long glass tube with mercury and inverted the tube into a dish. Some of the mercury did not escape from the tube and Torricelli observed the vacuum that was created. Evangelista Torricelli became the first scientist to create a sustained vacuum and to discover the principle of a barometer. Torricelli realized that the variation of the height of the mercury from day to day was caused by changes in the atmospheric pressure. Torricelli built the first mercury barometer around 1644. Evangelista Torricelli - Other Research Evangelista Torricelli also wrote on the quadrature of the cycloid and conics, the rectifications of the logarithmic spiral, the theory of the barometer, the value of gravity found by observing the motion of two weights connected by a string passing over a fixed pulley, the theory of projectiles and the motion of fluids. Lucien Vidie - Aneroid Barometer In 1843, the French scientist Lucien Vidie invented the aneroid barometer. An aneroid barometer registers the change in the shape of an evacuated metal cell to measure variations in the atmospheric pressure. Aneriod means fluidless, no liquids are used, the metal cell is usually made of phosphor bronze or beryllium copper.​ Related Instruments An altimeter is an aneroid barometer that measures altitude. Meteorologists use an altimeter that measures the altitude with respect to sea level pressure. A barograph is an aneroid barometer that gives a continuous reading of atmospheric pressures on graph paper.

The Background on the Stanley Milgram Theory Essay

The social psychology theory that I will be analyzing is based on the Stanley Milgram experiment done in 1965 following the start of the Nazi war. He was curios on all the violence taking place during this time. As a Jew himself, he wanted to find out whether or not the Adolf Eichmann accomplice had the same intent and hate towards the Jewish people during the holocaust. Based on Solomon Asch’s past experiments on conformity, Milgram’s experiment was done to determine whether or not the power of the situation could cause average people to conform to obedience. The results of Milgram’s experiment were astounding. The research of Milgram’s experiment had such a major impact on social psychology that we still use his findings to analyze†¦show more content†¦It is not until then that some of the participants began to question what they were doing. The experimenter would simply tell the participants to â€Å"continue.† A few of them requested to stop, but still continued to issue the shocks after being prompted that they will not be held responsible. The results showed that 65% of the â€Å"teachers† punished the â€Å"learners† to the maximum voltage of 450 volts. The research also showed that none of the subjects stopped before reaching 300 volts. Different factors contributed to the amount of people who issued the maximum voltage. Things like the location dropped the percentage who issued the 300 volts. For instance, when they decided to conduct the experiment in an office building rather than in on campus at Yale, the percentage of those who issued the maximum voltage dropped almost 20%. These findings were stunning to those involved in the experiment. Nobody predicted these results prior to the research being done. In fact Milgram believed he most people wouldn’t go past 150 volts. He predicted that only 4% of participants would go past 150 volts of punishment. (Milgram, 1974) The results later led to Milgram’s theory of obedience. It is ironic that virtues of loyalty, discipline, and self-sacrifice that we value so highly in the individual are the very properties that create destructive organizational engines of war and bind men to malevolent systems of authority. (Milgram, 1974) Impact of Milgram’s Theory SomeShow MoreRelatedMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1571 Words   |  7 Pagesdid Hitler condemn so many people to death and question why he was hated by them?† Well that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe what they are doing isRead MoreMilgram Experiment : What Was The Intent?1573 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Why did the subordinates of Adolph Hitler blindly follow his immoral orders?† Well, that is exactly why Stanley Milgram conducted experiments to test how far an ordinary person would go to inflict pain onto a stranger. The Nazi killing was brutal and inhumane, but the people conflicting death upon thousands felt no remorse or guilt so the Milgram Experiment was used to finally get answers. Milgram concluded that many will go to extreme lengths to obey authority and tend to believe what they are doingRead MoreStanley Milgram s Psychology Of Obedience1058 Words   |  5 PagesStanley Milgram, established a new course of study in the psychology of obedience. The purpose of his experiment was to have an idea of to see how people react the autocritical standard; during his experiment, he recorded how people will behave when given a source of power. Milgram gained this idea after the World War II. He believed that some people had the ability to essentially block out human thoughts of morals, ethics, and sympathetics when assigned to a job. The core issue that Milgram facedRead MoreAnalyzing Stanley Milgrams The Lost Letter Experiment1538 Words   |  6 PagesThe Lost Letter: Stanley Milgrams experiment Stanley Milgram is one of the most influential of the American postwar social scientists. Milgrams reputation lies not so much in his construction of wide, over-arching theories but in his ability to create provocative, strange even controversial experiments that test conventional notions of moral behavior. Although profoundly different, many of Milgrams experiments possess a common theme that of the situation-specific nature of morality. Humans wereRead MoreAsch s Conformity Experiment And Milgram s Obedience Experiment Essay1586 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This report will compare two experiments; Asch s conformity experiment and Milgram s obedience experiment. The two experiments will be compared for validity and their ethics. In addition, this report will take into consideration Zimbardo s Stanford Prison experiment and the Lucifer Effect. To analyse how obedience and conformity theories can be used as an example of why good people can turn bad. This report will also look at how obedience and conformity can be applied to the criminalRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Obedience And Authority Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesSeptember 29, 2016] I. Introduction A. Motivation of this research There are little facts about the role of obedience up until now. Psychologists have been debating on factors that constitute obedience within an individual. For example, certain theories suggest that people do horrible actions only if they are ordered to do so. Research has shown that most people obey all orders given to them by the authority-figure. The idea of this topic came to me while flipping through channels. I came acrossRead MoreSocial Identity Theory And Fees Must Fall Protests Essay1257 Words   |  6 PagesSocial Identity Theory and Fees Must Fall Protests 1411588 Phoenix Falconer-Pincus Protests play a highly significant role in generating awareness of a certain topic, grievance or issue that may affect certain demographics or groups of people. The below essay aims to explore the connection between social and collective identity, and its influence and importance in protests. This will be done by discussing the â€Å"FeesMustFall† movement that was aimed at getting free tertiary education in South AfricaRead Morepsy Article: Obey at Any Cost? Essay925 Words   |  4 Pagesthere is a time where we may judge and not agree while others may not pass a judgment and be in agreement. In the study of Psychology we look to a researchers finding to prove the way we respond to emotional, environmental and societal changes. Stanley Milgram a researcher that set out on the behalf of Yale University conducted a study to determine how obedient we become when driven or motivated by authority to inflict mild to severe pain is applied. Milgram’s study creates a huge de bate in ethicsRead MoreMilgram Experiment Essay1532 Words   |  7 PagesBaumrind vs. Milgram debate Milgram’s experiment was an experiment that tested whether people would people would administer shock to another person even though the person receiving the shock would refuse to participate. During the experiment, Milgram would have the subject be the teacher and the other person people the student. While Milgram believed the experiment produced great results, a lady named Diana Baumrind believed the experiment should have not been conducted at all. Baumrind believedRead MoreHistory Of Obedience And Conformity1729 Words   |  7 Pagesthe utterance of â€Å"research in obedience,† Stanley Milgram is the epithet in social psychology. 56 years ago, Milgram tested the limits of a person s ability to commit deeds that would normally be directionally challenging to their moral compass when commanded to act by an authority figure. Just 15 years after the World War II Holocaust, the Milgram experiments was a social psychology response to a topic of â€Å"particular relevanc e† during that time (Milgram, 1963): Were Nazi officers following orders

Economic of Corporate Social Responsibility - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Economic of Corporate Social Responsibility. Answer: Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is defined as one of the most important strategies that business organisations need to undertake in order to perform successfully in the market. The contributions made towards the society are indicative of the business strategies that are maintained by organisations. The assignment highlights the manner in which CSR can be implemented in an organisation. The concept is discussed in details and the theoretical practices involved with the concepts are analysed. The interests of the stakeholders are discussed that provides a valuable understanding of the concept and the contributions made by the stakeholders. For the purpose of the assignment, Westpac has been considered (Westpac.com.au., 2018). Westpac is a banking organisation situated in Australia. The assignment analyses its implication of CSR policies. About the organisation Westpac is a famous Australian bank and financial service provider situated in New South Wales. The company was established in 1817 and since then it has contributed significantly to the growth of the banking sectors in Australia. Currently, Westpac is considered as one of the top four banks in Australia that provide safe and secure advice for the storage of money. It has 1429 branches spread across the Australian market with over 1000 ATM counters. It also has branches in New Zealand and operates successfully in both the countries. It is the second largest bank in New Zealand and the second largest bank in terms of assets in Australia. Westpac boasts about having 13.1 million customers and about 32,000 employees working in the bank (Westpac.com.au., 2018). About Corporate Social Responsibility Corporate Social Responsibility can be considered as a self-regulatory mechanism that is used by organisations to maintain active participation in the activities of a society (Bank, 2014). The ethical considerations related to governing a corporate body is undertaken so that an organisation can remain successful in the business market. However, it is seen that most of the times the regulatory and statutory requirements of a company go beyond the compliance initially set by the managers. It has been argued that with the application of CSR activities, organisations tend to make long-term profits for its improvement (McWilliams, 2014). Consequently, a counter-argument has been made that highlights the important role that is played by an organisation in the improving a society. Despite the CSR has been criticised as being unrealistic in its approach. This is mainly because of the fact that changing every member of a society cannot be done with the help of a few activities in the organisa tion. Thus, it can be said that CSR serves as a mission of an organisation as well as a guide that defines the duties of an organisation towards its customers. In this regard, theories involved to attain sustainability can be discussed. Theoretical practices in incorporating sustainability It has been analysed that in order to maintain sustainability in the market, every business organisation needs to ensure that proper management of sustainability is conducted (Samuelson Anderson, 2014). Research has shown that four different types of capital exist in the market. These include the human capital, financial capital, environmental capital and manufacturing capital. The Four Capital Model helps in identifying the areas in which sustainability is required in an organisation. Each of the capitals needs to be made sustainable in order to ensure that a business thrives (Clapp Rowlands, 2014). The statement clearly defines the purpose of CSR activities and the reasons behind the adoption of CSR activities by organisations. In this regard, it can be said that the analysis of each of this capitals can be related by applying it to the CSR activities undertaken by Westpac. Human capital: The human capital consists of labour, skills, talents, political system. All these factors are important for an organisation to attain success, as organisations tend to rely on the HR factors that are necessary for its success. The trust and reputation between the employees and the employers are important in order to understand the manner in which every human resource managers can implement strategies (Tai Chuang, 2014). Based on the human capital that an organisation possesses, sustainable strategies can be formed. It needs to be kept in mind that being involved in a banking sector, Westpac needs to ensure that the human resource management of the company is developed properly. This can help in maintaining sustainability by providing ideas about the ways to work properly. Financial capital: The financial capital includes the cash borrowed and owned by a company along with the debt that needs to be paid. In most of the occasions, it is seen that organisations spend much cash on things that are not useful for the growth of the sector. The sustainable manner in which the cash needs to be spent depends on the financial capability of an organisation (Suliman, Al-Khatib, Thomas, 2016). In the case of banks, this sustainable spending of cash is must as banks are the establishments that preserve the cash of the people. Hence, the investment needs to be made in the development of a society. Environmental capital: The environmental capital is the most important source as it involves analysing the natural resources. The preservation of natural resources and the reduction of pollution is one of the most important factors that every business need to concern. Organisations that indulge in heavy emitting heavy pollutants need to maintain the sustainability of the environment (Carroll, 2014). The environmental factors need to be a huge concern for the managers as, without a proper natural environment, the working environment may also suffer. In the case of Westpac, the banking sector needs to make provisions about maintaining a sustainable environment by promoting the harmful effects of pollutants (Muller, 2014). This can be done by conducting campaigns and educating the people about it. Manufacturing capital: The manufacturing capital mainly concerns the organisations involved in manufacturing products that may cause harm to the environment. This involves the manufacturing of shoes as the leather burnt for manufacturing shoes may cause harmful particle emissions (Salib, Sun, Wu, Wen, Huang, 2015). In the case of Westpac, this provides a small threat to the banking sector is not responsible for manufacturing any harmful products. However, it can be said that the sustainability of an environment is not possible without the co-existence of all four capitals. The manner in which each of these capitals is dependent upon one another proves that every application is necessary for the proper growth of an organisation (Grinstein Blekher, 2014). Figure: Four Capital model (Source: (Grinstein Blekher, 2014) Interests of the stakeholders After analysing the CSR activities and the model used for describing the effectiveness of CSR, it can be said that the interests of the stakeholders are also important for the growth and development of an organisation. The interests of the stakeholders are important, as without the contribution of the stakeholders it may be difficult for an organisation to continue its business in the market (Carroll, 2014). In this regard, it can be said that the stakeholders of Westpac can be the society in which it is based. This is because CSR activities take into account the interests of the society and the people involved in it. The growth and development of the society are one of the biggest CSR activities that every organisation need to undertake (Suliman, Al-Khatib, Thomas, 2016). Thus, it can be said that the society in which Westpac is situated can take a keen interest in its development. Hence, setting up a campaign for the eradication of pollution or education in the society can be succ essful for Westpac. However, the shareholders of the company may have different interests (Tai Chuang, 2014). The shareholders of Westpac would want the development of the organisation. Thus, it can be said that the campaign that is to be launched in the society can easily benefit the bank. Campaigns such as more investment or more loans can be launched in the society so that the people residing in it can invest for the betterment of the company. Thus, the conflicting interests between the two main stakeholders may prove to be a negative factor for Westpac. In order to mitigate this, Westpac needs to make certain that a stakeholders meeting is held so that the common interest of the stakeholders can be taken into considerations (Grinstein Blekher, 2014). This can benefit the organisation, as priorities can be considered and accordingly adjustments can be made. In this regard, a conclusion can be drawn that highlights the important aspect of CSR in Westpac. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that CSR is important in order to ensure that a business can be conducted in a successful manner. Without the proper implementation of the CSR activities, an organisation cannot maintain its longevity in the business. The manner in which the CSR activities are conducted highlights the strategic implementation of the business minds. In the case of Westpac, the sustainability of the environment needs to be enforced by the spreading awareness. The company does not indulge in manufacturing products but can help in creating awareness among the people about the negative and harmful effects of pollution. Moreover, the interest of the stakeholders is also important as the company remains in conflict with improving the society and the organisations. Bibliography Bank. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Fidelity Bank. Carroll. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Organizational dynamics, 87-96. Clapp, Rowlands. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. The Essential Guide to Global Environmental Governance. Routledge. Grinstein, Blekher. (2014). Corporate Social Responsibility. Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. Korschun, D. . (2014). Corporate social responsibility, customer orientation, and the job performance of frontline employees. Journal of Marketing, 20-37. McWilliams. (2014). Economics of Corporate Social Responsibility. Edward Elgar Publishing. Muller. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Pearson. Salib, Sun, Wu, Wen, Huang. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility. Pearson. Samuelson, Anderson. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Morality and the Market. Routledge. Suliman, Al-Khatib, Thomas. (2016). Corporate Social Responsibility. Corporate Social Performance:. Reflecting on the Past and Investing in the Future, 15. Tai, Chuang. (2014). Corporate social responsibility. Ibusiness, 117. Westpac.com.au. (2018, January 5). Retrieved from Westpac - Personal, Business and Corporate Banking.: www.westpac.com.au

Mount St. Helen Essay Example For Students

Mount St. Helen Essay Mount St. Helen is a volcano located along the Cascade range which is avolcano chain stretching from Northern California to British Colombia. It nowstands at a height of 8,364 feet above sea level. Mount St. Helen was on of the smaller eruptions of five major ones inWashington State. Its elevation before the eruption was 9,677 feet high. On March 29, 1980 after a period of one-hundred and twenty-three yearsof inactivity a earthquake under the volcano quaked, and seven days later apheartic (steam) explosions began. As magma pushed up from beneath the earths surface, the north side ofthe mountain developed a bulge. Angle and slope-distance measurementsindicating that the bulge was growing at a rate of 1.5 feet per day (Lyn TopinkaPage 2). By May 17 the volcanos north-side had been pushed upward andoutward 450 feet (Lynn Topinka Page 2). On May 18,1980 at 8:32 a.m. Pacific daylight time a magnitude 5.1earthquake shook Mount St. Helen. The bulge on the North side of the mountaingave way in a gigantic rock slide releasing pressure and triggering a major rockand pumice eruption . At thirteen hundred feet the peak collapsed and as a result24 square miles of the valley was filled with rock and debris. From that rock slide250 square miles of timber, recreation and private lands were demolished from thelateral blast. For more than nine hours the volcano spit vigorous ash in a largeplume. Eventually the plume reached 12-15 miles above sea level. The plumewent eastward at about sixty miles per hour. By noon the plume of ash hadreached as far as Idaho. By the 19 the eruption was over. Now the volcanoes elevation is only 8,364 feetabove sea level before the eruption it was 9,677 feet above sea level knock off awhopping 1,313 feet off of the top of the mountain. Now it has a mile widehorseshoe shaped crater on the northern side of the mountain. From the eruption noticeable ash fell in eleven states. The total amount ofash that fell was .26 cubic miles or enough ash to cover a football field to a depthof 150 miles(Lyn Topinka Page3). From the landslide 2/3 cubic miles of debriswas deposited in the valley that enough to cover Washington DC fourteen feetthick.(Lynn Topinka, Page 4)Mount St. Helen is said to have caused the most damage (Mattox Page 1) atotal of 1.6 billion dollars of damage was caused by the blast from the volcano. That figure comes from losses due to home and road cleanup, damage toagriculture, timber, roads, bridges, fisheries, houses, sewer treatment plants, andthe dredging of rivers.(MattoxPage1). 57 people were killed or still missing(Topinka Page1) More than 100,000 acres of were demolished by the blast of that100,000 acres include 41,000 acres of national forest,(Scooner Page1) also overfour billion feet of usable timber became unusable thats enough lumber to build150,000 homes.(Topinka Page3) Nearly 135 miles of river channels were effectedby the volcano and more than 185 miles of roads and over 200 homes weredestroyed. (Topinka Page 5)Now over 9.5 million tree seedlings have been planted to replace the onesdestroyed by the blast and of those 70 percent of those have survived(ScoonerPage 1)some already growing twenty feet high(ScoonerPage1). The fish andwildlife have received considerable attention since the eruption. The heavilyhunted Elk have shown that the restrictions after the eruption have helped therepopulating of them returning to the pre-eruption population within five years. Also the Samon and trout have returned to there population since the eruption. Stream temperatures have exceeded there legal threshold population in most yearssince the eruption. (Sconner Page 1)Now the United States Geological Survey has established both a continuostwenty-four hour and periodic monitoring programs to study and predict futureeruptions Mount St. Helen. (Lyn Topinka). They also setup a seismic station nearthe dome of the mountain. The University of Washington State in conjunctionwith the US Geological Survey now monitor it.